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OXP-10 Interference

  Topics:
Spatial / Temporal Coherence
Coherence Length
Diffraction
Optical Resonator
Constructive / Destructive Interference

Thomas Young
1773 - 1829

 


Interference of light, although very common in almost all fields of optics, is not always easily observed, often overlooked or just neglected. When Isaac Newton did his investigations on optics, he described interference observations in detail. But only Thomas Young was on the right way of interpretation when he stated the general law of constructive and destructive interference of light in 1801 and when he gave the experimental prove of interference of light in 1802.
His work had influential consequences in considering light as a wave. On one hand interference is an impressive way to demonstrate the wave character of light, on the other hand, many optical instruments are based on interference, e.g. instruments for exact determination of distances or the wavelength of light, so called interferometers.
Different examples of interference phenomenon are discussed and demonstrated in this experiment. Fresnel mirror, wedges and half-lenses are tools which “divide” one light source into two and superimpose their coherent portions. On a set-up proposed by Newton, interference caused by thin layers can be determined quantitatively. Since diffraction usually generates interference patterns, a Fresnel plate is used for illustrating this effect. Finally, a model of a Fabry Perot resonator demonstrates the working principle of wavelength selection in a cavity.



 

 


 

Examples of Investigation and Measurement


Fresnel mirror, plates and lenses
While making two beams out of one, these optical elements cause interference by overlapping both beams spatially. The resulting interference patterns are linear or circular stripes.

Thin layer interference: Newton rings
Light reflected on thin layers shows interference caused by super position of rays reflected by the front and the end surface of the layer. This effect can be demonstrated and quantitatively investigated on a set-up proposed by Newton, generating Newton rings.

Fresnel plate
Inserting a Fresnel plate in a light beam causes interference of the diffracted rays and generates several focal points corresponding to the different orders of diffraction.

Fabry Perot resonator
Mode selection based on interference is demonstrated by a laser beam passing a pair of parallel mirror plates, a Fabry Perot resonator. By slightly detuning the parallelism several longitudinal modes can be adjusted and observed as parallel stripes.


 

 

 

 

OXP-10   Required Equipment


1  
 


02.0500
 

 


Profile rail OCM 650, 500 mm

The high precision optical rails are made out of special anodized aluminum. The rails are the base for various modules attached to carriers.
 




 

1

02.1022

Carrier OCM 650, 20 mm with screen holder

This module can mount optical screens. Through the attached carrier, the screen holder can be placed onto the optical rail. The carrier 20 mm and the holder are made out of special anodized aluminum.
 

1

02.1602

 

Screen with scale

Experimental results like colour spectra and interference patterns can be visualized on these screens. Horizontal or vertical scales allow calibrations and quantitative measurements; a screen with an aperture is used for observing back-reflected rays. The screens are made out of anodized aluminum plates with one side painted white and can be fixed onto screen holders (02.1022, 02.1608).
 

2
2

02.2126
02.2132

Mounting plate OCM 650 for click 25, including carrier 20 mm
Mounting plate OCM 650 for click 30, including carrier 20 mm

Mounting plates are used to hold optical mounts. A characteristic feature of the mounting plates is the “click” mechanism of the inserts based on spring loaded spheres. Snapping in the groove of the inserted click mount, the optical element is kept in an exact position. On the other hand, the system allows a quick and easy change of the mounted inserts.
The mounting plates are made out of special anodized aluminum. Mounted onto the carrier 20 mm, the mounting plates can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1

02.6106

4 axis adjustment holder KH650, theta, phi, X and Y, including carrier 20 mm

This adjustment holder mounts a Diode Laser or an LED lamp. Using the fine pitch adjustment screws, the optical axis can be aligned within the range of 3 mm. For fine alignment of the angle of the light beam, two additional pitch adjustment screws are attached onto the back of the holder. The holder and the carrier 20 mm are made out of special anodized aluminum and can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1 04.0060
04.0074

Plano convex lens f=40 mm, mounted in click 30 mount
Biconvex lens f=-20, mounted in click 30 mount

different glass lenses are mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 30 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2132).
 

1 04.0622

Half wedge plate, mounted in click 25 mount

The half-wedge plate acts only on one part of the light beam and lets the other remain. Behind the plate, both parts of the beam intersect and cause interference. The half-wedge plate is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2126).
Dia:
22,4 mm
 


1 04.0624

Half lens f=100 mm, mounted in click 25 mount

The half-lens acts only on one part of a light beam and lets the other remain. Behind the lens, both parts of the beam intersect and cause interference. The half-lens is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2126).
Dia:
22,4 mm
 


1 04.0626

Fresnel plate, mounted in click 25 mount

A plastic foil with concentric rings acts as a Fresnel plate. The plate is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2126).

1 04.0634

Fabry Perot insert

This semi-transparent high quality mirror in a holder exchanges the spherical lens in the Newton’s rings assembly. The two plates in the assembly cause interference; effects can be influenced by turning the two plates respectively to each other. The mirror is fixed onto a 25 mm special anodized aluminum ring mount.
Dia:
22,4 mm
 


1 04.0066

Plano convex lens f=20, mounted in click 25 mount with attached light tube

This glass lens mounted onto a click mount 25 mm attached by a light tube is used to focus the light on the detector and reduce the scattered light coevally using the light tube. The whole tube is made out of special anodized aluminum.
Length: 55 mm

1 05.0030

 

LED white in housing

As universal and easy-to-change light sources, LED lamps are used in optical experiments. The LEDs are mounted onto a 40 mm x 25 mm diameter housing tube made out of special anodized aluminum. For the alignment, the lamps can be fixed onto a four axis adjustment holder mounted onto a carrier. For their operation, the active LDD-05 power supply (07.0206) is required which controls the output power. For the lamps 1 W (white LED: 3W), high brightness LEDs are used.
 


1 05.0224

DIMO diode laser module, 532 nm (green) HC

Due to its excellent coherence properties, this frequency doubled green YAG laser is used specifically for interference experiments. The linearly polarized laser in its 60 mm x 20 mm diameter housing tube is made out of special anodized aluminum. It can be fixed onto a four axis adjustment holder and can be aligned to the optical axis. Driven by the LDD-05 active power supply (07.0206), the output power is controlled in the range from
 


1 07.0206

LDD-05 active power supply

The universal LDD-05 active power supply is used for all laser and LED light sources. It recognizes which source is connected and sets the parameters for it automatically. The unit is equipped with a main switch, a regulation knob for adjusting the laser or LED power and a safety lock. The provided USB bus interface allows control through a personal computer or laptop and qualifies this unit as multimedia source.
The housing is made out of shock-proof plastic with an aluminum front and rear panel.

Voltage: 230 VAC / 50 Hz
Case dimensions: 200 mm x 160 mm x 62 mm.
 




1 09.1746 Beam expander magnification 6x

The beam expander, consisting of two lenses mounted onto a click 25 optical mount and a 40 mm x 25 mm diameter sleeve, can be fixed onto the mounting plate (02.2126) which is attached to the optical rail using a carrier. The divergence of the magnified beam is adjusted by varying the telescope length.
 


1 09.2010 Fresnel mirror assembly

The two high quality front-surface plane mirrors of this module reflect a laser beam within two slightly different angles which causes interference of the beams in their intersection area. The angle between the two mirrors is adjusted by fine pitch screws of the adjustment holder which one of the mirrors is mounted onto.

Dim: 20 mm x 20 mm.
 

1 09.2060 Newton´s rings assembly

In this unit, a semi-transparent mirror plate and a lens with a large radius of curvature are mounted towards each other. A beam shining through this element shows characteristic Newton interference rings. The curvature of the lens can be determined by this interference effect.
The high quality semi-transparent mirror and the Plano convex lens with f = 2600 mm have a diameter of 22,4 mm. Both are fixed onto a 25 mm special anodized aluminum ring mount and are mounted onto a mirror adjustment holder (02.5600) fixed on a carrier 20 mm.
The metal parts are made out of special anodized aluminum.

 




 


 


 




 

 

Experiments

OXP-01 Refraction of Light

OXP-02 Prisms

OXP-03 Lenses

OXP-04 Reflection & Transmission

OXP-05 Beam Bending

OXP-06 Refractometer

OXP-07 Diffraction of Light

OXP-08 Optical Gratings

OXP-09 Spectral Analysis

OXP-10 Interference

OXP-11 Interferometer

OXP-12 Holography

OXP-13 Polarisation

OXP-14 Double Refraction

OXP-15 Colour Mixing

OXP-16 Optical Filters

OXP-17 Absorption & Emission

OXP-18 Image Projection

OXP-19 Camera

OXP-20 LED & Laser Diode

 

Kits

Basic Kit

Complete Kit

Advanced Kit