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OXP-11 Interferometer

  Topics:
Michelson Interferometer
Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Interference
Coherence
Wavelength of Light

Albert Abraham Michelson
1852 – 1931

 


Already in 1881 Albert Michelson used an interferometer to disprove successfully the theory of a universal ether existing at that time. Later on he determined the length of the basic meter in units of light wavelengths with this set-up. Still, the use of interferometers in performing technical length measurements only reached significance after the discovery of the laser as a coherent light source. Today, high precision length measuring instruments have become an important tool for many areas of the machine building industry.
While the Michelson interferometer is mainly used to determine the differences in length in a nm scale, the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer investigates transparent objects and is particularly useful for studying liquid or gas dynamics. The principle of operation is based on the retardation of one beam with respect to the other by differences in the index of refraction of the traversed medium. Since the Mach-Zehnder is a unidirectional interferometer it is especially useful for measurements where the samples have to be traversed only once or in one direction.
Within the frame of this experiment both, a Michelson- and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer will be realized. The former demonstrates the principle generation of interference patterns and the use of fringe counting in metrology. The latter uses the interference pattern to visualize changes of the index of refraction as a result of changes in physical properties of gasses, like pressure or composition.



 

 


 

Examples of Investigation and Measurement


Interference pattern
The two beams of the Michelson Interferometer are carefully aligned to achieve interference fringes on the screen. The optimal alignment is achieved when the linear stripes turn to a homogeneously illuminated area which flickers more or less intensive. Inserting a lens in one arm of the interferometer leads to circular interferences-.

Gas cuvette
In one path of the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer a gas cuvette is inserted. Since the index of refraction of gasses is strongly dependent on the gas pressure the change of the interference pattern is measured as a function of the pressure. By changing to another gas the specific index of refraction for this gas is determined.

Fringe counting
When moving one mirror by turning the pitch screw of the translator the interference pattern will “walk”. Observing a fixed position on the screen the fringes passing by this point can be counted and compared to the measured translation of the mirror.

 

 

 

 

OXP-11   Required Equipment


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1
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02.0200
02.0300
02.0500
 

 


Profile rail OCM 650, 200 mm
Profile rail OCM 650, 300 mm
Profile rail OCM 650, 500 mm

The high precision optical rails are made out of special anodized aluminum. The rails are the base for various modules attached to carriers.
 




 

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02.1022

Carrier OCM 650, 20 mm with screen holder

This module can mount optical screens. Through the attached carrier, the screen holder can be placed onto the optical rail. The carrier 20 mm and the holder are made out of special anodized aluminum.
 

1 02.1530

Angle joint mount OCM 650 cross piece

Carriers mounted in a cross-like arrangement are used for connecting four optical rails. This unit is mainly the centre part of Optical Time Domain Reflectometry setups or Michelson interferometers. Onto a carrier 200 mm, two carriers 100 mm are fixed crosswise. In the centre, a stage for beamsplitter plates or cubes can be mounted.
 


1 02.1602

Screen with scale

Experimental results like colour spectra and interference patterns can be visualized on these screens. Horizontal or vertical scales allow calibrations and quantitative measurements; a screen with an aperture is used for observing back-reflected rays. The screens are made out of anodized aluminum plates with one side painted white and can be fixed onto screen holders (02.1022, 02.1608).

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02.2126
 

Mounting plate OCM 650 for click 25, including carrier 20 mm

Mounting plates are used to hold optical mounts. A characteristic feature of the mounting plates is the “click” mechanism of the inserts based on spring loaded spheres. Snapping in the groove of the inserted click mount, the optical element is kept in an exact position. On the other hand, the system allows a quick and easy change of the mounted inserts.
The mounting plates are made out of special anodized aluminum. Mounted onto the carrier 20 mm, the mounting plates can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1

02.6106

4 axis adjustment holder KH650, theta, phi, X and Y, including carrier 20 mm

This adjustment holder mounts a Diode Laser or an LED lamp. Using the fine pitch adjustment screws, the optical axis can be aligned within the range of 3 mm. For fine alignment of the angle of the light beam, two additional pitch adjustment screws are attached onto the back of the holder. The holder and the carrier 20 mm are made out of special anodized aluminum and can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1 04.0071

Biconvex lens f=-10, mounted in click 25 mount

Different glass lenses are mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2126).
 



No illustration

1 05.0224

DIMO diode laser module, 532 nm (green) HC

Due to its excellent coherence properties, this frequency doubled green YAG laser is used specifically for interference experiments. The linearly polarized laser in its 60 mm x 20 mm diameter housing tube is made out of special anodized aluminum. It can be fixed onto a four axis adjustment holder and can be aligned to the optical axis. Driven by the LDD-05 active power supply (07.0206), the output power is controlled in the range from
 


1 07.0206

LDD-05 active power supply

The universal LDD-05 active power supply is used for all laser and LED light sources. It recognizes which source is connected and sets the parameters for it automatically. The unit is equipped with a main switch, a regulation knob for adjusting the laser or LED power and a safety lock. The provided USB bus interface allows control through a personal computer or laptop and qualifies this unit as multimedia source.
The housing is made out of shock-proof plastic with an aluminum front and rear panel.

Voltage: 230 VAC / 50 Hz
Case dimensions: 200 mm x 160 mm x 62 mm.
 




1 09.1746 Beam expander magnification 2.7x

The beam expander, consisting of two lenses mounted onto a click 25 optical mount and a 40 mm x 25 mm diameter sleeve, can be fixed onto the mounting plate (02.2126) which is attached to the optical rail using a carrier. The divergence of the magnified beam is adjusted by varying the telescope length.
 


1 09.2110 Mach Zehnder beam splitting assembly

This unit is used to split a single beam into two laser beams as part of an interferometer setup according to Mach and Zehnder. The beam splitter plate is rotatable; the right angle mirror is mounted onto a mirror adjustment holder (02.5600) and can be tilted by fine adjustment screws. The elements are mounted onto a bridge carrier system which can be attached to two optical rails.

The optical elements have the following specifications:
1 Broad band beam splitter plate 50 / 50 %, 20 mm x 15 mm
1 High quality front-surface plane mirror with 22,4 mm diameter.
 

1 09.2130 Mach Zehnder beam combining assembly

This unit is used to recombine the beams as a part of an interferometer setup according to Mach and Zehnder. The beam splitter plate is mounted onto a mirror adjustment holder (02.5600), whereby the right angle mirror is fixed onto a click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings and attached to a mounting plate 25 mm. The elements are mounted to a bridge carrier system which can be attached to two optical rails.

The optical elements have the following specifications:
1 Broad band beam splitter plate 50 / 50 %, 20 mm x 15 mm
1 High quality front-surface plane mirror with 22,4 mm diameter.
 

1 09.2150 Gas cuvette assembly

In a 65 mm long and 25 mm diameter gas cuvette, made out of special anodized aluminum, two flat glass windows of 22,4 mm diameter are fixed by two threaded mounting rings. The cuvette is attached to a mounting plate on a carrier 65 mm and can be inserted in the beam path of a Mach Zehnder type interferometer. The cuvette is connected with an electric suction pump and a manometer for gas pressure adjustment.

Pump specifications:
Voltage: 230 VAC / 50 Hz
Pressure range: 1 – 1000 mbar.
 

 




 


 


 




 

 

Experiments

OXP-01 Refraction of Light

OXP-02 Prisms

OXP-03 Lenses

OXP-04 Reflection & Transmission

OXP-05 Beam Bending

OXP-06 Refractometer

OXP-07 Diffraction of Light

OXP-08 Optical Gratings

OXP-09 Spectral Analysis

OXP-10 Interference

OXP-11 Interferometer

OXP-12 Holography

OXP-13 Polarisation

OXP-14 Double Refraction

OXP-15 Colour Mixing

OXP-16 Optical Filters

OXP-17 Absorption & Emission

OXP-18 Image Projection

OXP-19 Camera

OXP-20 LED & Laser Diode

 

Kits

Basic Kit

Complete Kit

Advanced Kit