Search for:


OXP-14 Double Refraction

  Topics:
Snellius Law
Ordinary & Extraordinary Ray
Anisotropy
Birefringence

Erasmus Bartholin
1625 – 1698

 


Erasmus Bartholin was the first one who reported his observation on double refraction in 1669. He investigated a crystal of calcite: not the only crystal which shows double refraction, but a crystal with an extraordinary high markedness of this phenomenon. His discovery and its first scientific explanation by Christian Huygens in 1674 marked the beginning of the studies on optical crystal properties.
More than 100 years later crystal optics got new impulses through Dominique Arago, who studied the polarization and optical activity, and Jean-Baptiste Biot who defined the first principles of crystal optics, by differentiating in particular uniaxial and biaxal crystals - principles which are still valid today.

Birefringent materials are widespread in optics, for example as half- and quarter-wave plates or as Lyot Filters. Double refraction can also be introduced artificially, e.g. when materials like crystals or polymers are exposed to electrical fields or to high pressure.
The first part of this experiment deals with double refraction shown by calcite. Even small layers of calcite below 1 cm show clearly the splitting of a laser beam in ordinary and extraordinary ray respectively. The polarization of these rays is determined. A conoscopic set-up is used to show interference pattern generated by a uniaxial crystal sandwiched between two electrodes, a so called Pockels cell. High voltage changes the properties of this crystal and shows the characteristic interference pattern of a biaxial crystal.



 

 


 

Examples of Investigation and Measurement


Pockels cell
In the focal plane of a polarized and conoscopic beam a Pockels cell is placed. By inserting a polarization analyzer, beautiful patterns of interference can be observed on a screen and have to be interpreted. Additional quarter-wave plates inserted in the beam path change these patterns in a specific way. When switching on the high voltage of the Pockels cell the crystal becomes biaxial and shows other interference patterns, characteristic for such crystals of lower symmetry.


Double Refraction
Inserting a crystal of calcite in the beam path of a laser, characteristic features of double refraction can be measured as a function of the crystal’s rotational orientation. With an analyzer the polarization state of the escaping ordinary and extraordinary ray is determined.

 

 

 

 

OXP-14   Required Equipment



 


02.0500
 

 


Profile rail OCM 650, 500 mm

The high precision optical rails are made out of special anodized aluminum. The rails are the base for various modules attached to carriers.
 




 
1 02.1022

 

Carrier OCM 650, 20 mm with screen holder

This module can mount optical screens. Through the attached carrier, the screen holder can be placed onto the optical rail. The carrier 20 mm and the holder are made out of special anodized aluminum.
 

1 02.1602

Screen with scale

Experimental results like colour spectra and interference patterns can be visualized on these screens. Horizontal or vertical scales allow calibrations and quantitative measurements; a screen with an aperture is used for observing back-reflected rays. The screens are made out of anodized aluminum plates with one side painted white and can be fixed onto screen holders (02.1022, 02.1608).
 

2 02.2082

Mounting plate 40 with rotator, spacer block and carrier 20 mm

This element mounts optical plates, like half- and quarter-wave plates, which can rotate around their axis. The rotator has a scale graduation from 0 - 360° at intervals of 5°. The unit is made out of special anodized aluminum and can be directly attached to the optical rail via a carrier 20 mm.
 

1
1
02.2126
02.2132

Mounting plate OCM 650 for click 25, including carrier 20 mm
Mounting plate OCM 650 for click 30, including carrier 20 mm

Mounting plates are used to hold optical mounts. A characteristic feature of the mounting plates is the “click” mechanism of the inserts based on spring loaded spheres. Snapping in the groove of the inserted click mount, the optical element is kept in an exact position. On the other hand, the system allows a quick and easy change of the mounted inserts.
The mounting plates are made out of special anodized aluminum. Mounted onto the carrier 20 mm, the mounting plates can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1

02.6106

4 axis adjustment holder KH650, theta, phi, X and Y, including carrier 20 mm

This adjustment holder mounts a Diode Laser or an LED lamp. Using the fine pitch adjustment screws, the optical axis can be aligned within the range of 3 mm. For fine alignment of the angle of the light beam, two additional pitch adjustment screws are attached onto the back of the holder. The holder and the carrier 20 mm are made out of special anodized aluminum and can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1
 
04.0060
 

Plano convex lens f=40, mounted in click 30 mount

Different glass lenses are mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 30 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2132).

2 04.0110

Quarter wave plate, mounted in click 25 mount

A quarter-wave quartz plate is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate 40 with rotator (02.2082). The influence of a quarter-wave plate on a light beam can be studied as a function of the rotation angle.
Dia: 12,7 mm
 

1 04.0114

Calcite crystal, mounted in click 25 mount

A calcite crystal is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate 40 with rotator (02.2082). This unit is used to demonstrate optical double refraction.
Dim:
Aprox.: 1 mm x 0,8 mm x 0,8 mm
 

1 05.0230

DIMO diode laser module, 532 nm (green) with polariser

Due to its collimated beam, this frequency doubled green YAG laser is an ideal light source for experiments dealing with ray tracing and beam propagation. The diode in its 40 mm x 25 mm diameter housing tube made out of special anodized aluminum can be fixed onto a four axis adjustment holder and can be aligned to the optical axis. Driven by the LDD-05 active power supply (07.0206), the output power is controlled in the range from 0 to 3 mW.
 

1 07.0206

LDD-05 active power supply

The universal LDD-05 active power supply is used for all laser and LED light sources. It recognizes which source is connected and sets the parameters for it automatically. The unit is equipped with a main switch, a regulation knob for adjusting the laser or LED power and a safety lock. The provided USB bus interface allows control through a personal computer or laptop and qualifies this unit as multimedia source.
The housing is made out of shock-proof plastic with an aluminum front and rear panel.

Voltage: 230 VAC / 50 Hz
Case dimensions: 200 mm x 160 mm x 62 mm.
 




1 09.0044 Module polarization analyzer with mounting plate and rotation assembly

In this unit, the high quality polarizer foil is inserted into a rotatable holder mounted onto a carrier. Using the rotating insert, the polarization direction can be set in degrees (0 - 360°) with a resolution of 2°. The unit is made out of special anodized aluminum. Mounted onto the carrier 20mm, it can be directly attached to the optical rails.
 

1 09.1746 Beam expander magnification 6x

The beam expander, consisting of two lenses mounted onto a click 25 optical mount and a 40 mm x 25 mm diameter sleeve, can be fixed onto the mounting plate (02.2126) which is attached to the optical rail using a carrier. The divergence of the magnified beam is adjusted by varying the telescope length.

 

1 09.2420 Pockels cell assembly with power supply

A pockels cell with high voltage power supply is used for the demonstration of inducing birefringence on a crystal of type I by applying an external voltage. The effect can be observed on the interference pattern generated in a conoscopic setup. The pockels crystal is mounted onto a holder between two electrodes. The insulated holder is fixed via a spacer on a carrier 30 mm and can be placed on an optical rail. The high voltage power supply can provide a DC-voltage from 0 to 800 V maximum. The housing of the power supply is made out of shock proof plastic with an aluminum front and rear panel.

Voltage: 230 VAC / 50 Hz
Case dimensions: 200 mm x 160 mm x 62 mm.
 




 


 


 




 

 

Experiments

OXP-01 Refraction of Light

OXP-02 Prisms

OXP-03 Lenses

OXP-04 Reflection & Transmission

OXP-05 Beam Bending

OXP-06 Refractometer

OXP-07 Diffraction of Light

OXP-08 Optical Gratings

OXP-09 Spectral Analysis

OXP-10 Interference

OXP-11 Interferometer

OXP-12 Holography

OXP-13 Polarisation

OXP-14 Double Refraction

OXP-15 Colour Mixing

OXP-16 Optical Filters

OXP-17 Absorption & Emission

OXP-18 Image Projection

OXP-19 Camera

OXP-20 LED & Laser Diode

 

Kits

Basic Kit

Complete Kit

Advanced Kit