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OXP-13 Polarisation

  Topics:
Optical Activity
Double Refraction
Polarization of Light Sources
Polarization of Scattered Light
Linear-, Elliptical-, Circular Polarization
 

Etienne Malus
1775 - 1812

 


In the year 1809 Etienne Malus discovered the polarization of light by reflection and stated a law which describes the intensity distribution of polarized light as a function of the relative orientation of a polarization analyzer. At that time his findings were in contradiction to the presumption of light waves being longitudinal rather than transversal. His discovery had far reaching consequences for the wave theory of light, and his unambiguous experimental results launched a big debate among the leading scientists about the wave properties of light. Finally, as a compromise light was conceded to have transversal as well as longitudinal character. Only two years later Dominique Arago investigated a sample of quartz and discovered its optical activity, a property of many natural and also synthetic materials. Later on, Augustine Fresnel could explain the effect of optical active materials on light by introducing the phenomenon of circular birefringence.
In this series of experiments the polarization state of the light sources in use is determined. Polarized light is used to prove the Malus Law and Fresnel Laws with respect to their states on polarization. The influence of wave plates and optically active materials on polarization is demonstrated.



 

 


 

Examples of Investigation and Measurement


Polarization of light sources / Malus Law
In a first experiment the polarization state of different light sources is determined. The light travelling through a polarizer is observed on a screen as a function of the orientation of the polarizer. With a second polarizer (defined as analyzer) the relative orientation of the polarizers is determined. The transmitted light is measured by a photo detector and the Malus Law can be verified.

Absolute direction of polarization
To monitor the absolute orientation of polarized light a laser beam travelling through a scattering sample is observed by looking through a polarizer.

Optical activity
In between of two crossed polarizers an optically active sample is placed. By readjusting the analyzer for total absorption the angle of rotation of the active material is determined. This angle is independent of the rotational orientation of the sample.

Half- and quarter-wave plates
The influence of half- and quarter-wave plates on polarized and non-polarized light is investigated and the difference to optical activity is demonstrated.
 

 

 

 

OXP-13   Required Equipment



 


02.0300
 

 


Profile rail OCM 650, 300 mm

The high precision optical rails are made out of special anodized aluminum. The rails are the base for various modules attached to carriers.
 




 
1 02.2082

Mounting plate 40 with rotator, spacer block and carrier 20 mm

This element mounts optical plates, like half- and quarter-wave plates, which can rotate around their axis. The rotator has a scale graduation from 0 - 360° at intervals of 5°. The unit is made out of special anodized aluminum and can be directly attached to the optical rail via a carrier 20 mm.
 

1 02.2132

Mounting plate OCM 650 for click 30, including carrier 20 mm

Mounting plates are used to hold optical mounts. A characteristic feature of the mounting plates is the “click” mechanism of the inserts based on spring loaded spheres. Snapping in the groove of the inserted click mount, the optical element is kept in an exact position. On the other hand, the system allows a quick and easy change of the mounted inserts.
The mounting plates are made out of special anodized aluminum. Mounted onto the carrier 20 mm, the mounting plates can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1

02.6106

4 axis adjustment holder KH650, theta, phi, X and Y, including carrier 20 mm

This adjustment holder mounts a Diode Laser or an LED lamp. Using the fine pitch adjustment screws, the optical axis can be aligned within the range of 3 mm. For fine alignment of the angle of the light beam, two additional pitch adjustment screws are attached onto the back of the holder. The holder and the carrier 20 mm are made out of special anodized aluminum and can be placed onto an optical rail.
 

1
 
04.0060
 

Plano convex lens f=40, mounted in click 30 mount

Different glass lenses are mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 30 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate (02.2132).

1 04.0110

Quarter wave plate, mounted in click 25 mount

A quarter-wave quartz plate is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate 40 with rotator (02.2082). The influence of a quarter-wave plate on a light beam can be studied as a function of the rotation angle.
Dia: 12,7 mm
 

1 04.0111

Optical quartz plate, mounted in click 25 mount

An optical quartz plate is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate 40 with rotator (02.2082). By shining a light beam through the element, the phenomenon of optical activity can be studied as a function of the rotation angle.
Dim:
Thickness: 3 mm
Dia: 12,7 mm
 


1 04.0112

Half wave plate, mounted in click 25 mount

A half-wave quartz plate is mounted onto a special anodized aluminum click mount 25 mm by two threaded mounting rings to be used in connection with a mounting plate 40 with rotator (02.2082). The influence of a half-wave plate on a light beam can be studied as a function of the rotation angle.
Dia: 12,7 mm
 

1 04.0180

Acrylic polarisation monitor

The polarization state of a light beam passing through this monitor is determined by the direction of the scattered light. The acrylic block has a size of 50 mm x 40 mm x 15 mm.

1 05.0030
05.0032

LED white in housing
LED red in housing

As universal and easy-to-change light sources, LED lamps are used in optical experiments. The LEDs are mounted onto a 40 mm x 25 mm diameter housing tube made out of special anodized aluminum. For the alignment, the lamps can be fixed onto a four axis adjustment holder mounted onto a carrier. For their operation, the active LDD-05 power supply (07.0206) is required which controls the output power. For the lamps 1 W (white LED: 3W), high brightness LEDs are used.
 



1 05.0226

DIMO diode laser module, 532 nm (green)

Due to its collimated beam, this frequency doubled green YAG laser is an ideal light source for experiments dealing with ray tracing and beam propagation. The diode in its 40 mm x 25 mm diameter housing tube made out of special anodized aluminum can be fixed onto a four axis adjustment holder and can be aligned to the optical axis. Driven by the LDD-05 active power supply (07.0206), the output power is controlled in the range from 0 to 3 mW.
 

1 07.0206

LDD-05 active power supply

The universal LDD-05 active power supply is used for all laser and LED light sources. It recognizes which source is connected and sets the parameters for it automatically. The unit is equipped with a main switch, a regulation knob for adjusting the laser or LED power and a safety lock. The provided USB bus interface allows control through a personal computer or laptop and qualifies this unit as multimedia source.
The housing is made out of shock-proof plastic with an aluminum front and rear panel.

Voltage: 230 VAC / 50 Hz
Case dimensions: 200 mm x 160 mm x 62 mm.
 




1 09.0044 Module polarization analyzer with mounting plate and rotation assembly

In this unit, the high quality polarizer foil is inserted into a rotatable holder mounted onto a carrier. Using the rotating insert, the polarization direction can be set in degrees (0 - 360°) with a resolution of 2°. The unit is made out of special anodized aluminum. Mounted onto the carrier 20mm, it can be directly attached to the optical rails.

1 09.2310 Polarisation assembly

Using this unit, an optical glass plate can be rotated around its axis while the pivot arm is set to the deflected beam. By adjusting the hinge angle, the beam deviation angle can be measured on a scale from -90 - +90° at intervals of 2°. Depending on the arm mounts, intensity and polarization state are determined.

Optical element specifications:
1 Anti-reflection coated BK7 glass plate, 30 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm

The metal parts are made out of special anodized aluminum.
 

 

1 09.2320 Set of mounts on arm for polarisation

This set consists of one analyzer, one focusing lens and a mini-photodetector. They can be put onto the rotatable pivot arm using adjustment pins.
The specifications of the mounts are:

1 High quality polarization analyzer foil mounted onto a click mount 25 mm, fixed in a rotator with a scale from 0-360° at intervals of 5°
1 Plano convex lens f = 40 mm, diam = 22,4 mm mounted onto a click mount 25 mm fixed in a special anodized aluminum holder
1 Mini Si PIN photodetector with connection lead mounted onto a special anodized aluminum holder.
 

1 19.0400

 

Digital multimeter 3 ˝ digits

he digital multimeter is used for relative intensity measurements of light beams. It has to be connected to a photodetector via banana adapter connection leads.

Specifications:
Display LCD, 3 ˝ digits  
AC voltage ranges 2 / 20 / 200 / 750 V
Frequency range 40 - 400 Hz
DC voltage ranges 0,2 / 2 / 20 / 200 / 1000 V
AC current ranges 2 / 20 / 200 mA / 20 A
Frequency range 40 - 400 Hz
DC current ranges 0,2 / 2 / 20 / 200 mA / 20 A
Resistance ranges 0,2 / 2 / 20k / 0,2 / 2 / 20 MΩ.






 


 


 




 

 

Experiments

OXP-01 Refraction of Light

OXP-02 Prisms

OXP-03 Lenses

OXP-04 Reflection & Transmission

OXP-05 Beam Bending

OXP-06 Refractometer

OXP-07 Diffraction of Light

OXP-08 Optical Gratings

OXP-09 Spectral Analysis

OXP-10 Interference

OXP-11 Interferometer

OXP-12 Holography

OXP-13 Polarisation

OXP-14 Double Refraction

OXP-15 Colour Mixing

OXP-16 Optical Filters

OXP-17 Absorption & Emission

OXP-18 Image Projection

OXP-19 Camera

OXP-20 LED & Laser Diode

 

Kits

Basic Kit

Complete Kit

Advanced Kit